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Здравствуйте, уважаемые эксперты! Прошу вас ответить на следующий вопрос: 1. Почему «Жалованная грамота дворянству» порождала отставание Российской империи в экономической сфере? 2. Почему Земский Собор нельзя было созвать ни в 866 г., ни в 1866 г.?
С середины ХИI-го до середины ХИII-го века в Московском государстве рядом с постоянною государевою думою действует другой совещательный орган, называемый в науке „земским собором", а в памятниках того времени „советом всея земли", „всею землею", или просто „собором"
Позвольте не согласиться с самОй постановкой первого вопроса.
На мой взгляд, жалованная грамота дворянству никак не могла ПОРОДИТЬ отставания Российской Империи в экономической сфере. Ведь эта грамота закрепила права дворян заниматься промышленной и торговой деятельностью, тем самым открыв для дворянского сословия новые перспективы. То есть грамота содержала положения, направленные на оживление промышленности в Империи.
Немаловажно то, что грамота не закрепляла за дворянами пожизненного права владения душами крестьян. На этот факт почему-то не всегда обращается должное внимание.
Следует помнить, что наряду с жалованной грамотой дворянству Екатерина Великая издала и жалованную грамоту городам, которая, как общепризнано, была направлена на укрепление позиций третьего сословия. В планах Императрицы была и жалованная грамота крестьянству, которая так и не увидела света в силу свойственных её автору естественных опасений.
Обращаю Ваше внимание на эту статью доктора экономических наук Г. Ханина, посвящённую анализу причин экономической отсталости России.
Полагаю, что формулировка вопроса и ответов на него лежит за рамками курса истории и является предметом серьёзного экономического исследования...
Число мануфактур за царствование Екатерины выросло с 980 до 3200, а экспорт - с 13 до 57 млн. руб.
История экономики. Конотопов М.В., Сметанин С.И. М.: Академический проект, 2000. Глава 2. Мануфактурный период в России, с.95.
Позиция "Против".
В начале XVIII в. наметилась практика передачи обширных земель во владение промышленникам. Согласно указу 1721 г. землю могли покупать лица не дворянского происхождения. Однако данный указ был отменен в 1762 г.
Зубарева Т. С. История экономики − Новосибирск: Изд-во НГТУ, 2001, − ч. 2., с. 35 Здесь как раз недопущение того самого "третьего сословия", которое стремилась создать Екатерина.
Определить связь экономического отставания с "Жалованной грамотой", если оно было, можно только общепринятыми статистическими методами, то есть 1. получив результаты анализа за период "до", "во время", "после" 2. проведя факторный анализ за период "во время".
Не для консультации тема :) С уважением.
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