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A map is a graphic representation drawn to scale and usually on a flat surface, of features – usually geographical, geological, or geopolitical – of an area of the Earth or of any other celestial body. Globes are maps represented on the surface of a sphere. The art and science of making maps and charts is called cartography.
Major types of maps include topographical maps, showing features of the Earth’s land surface, nautical charts, representing coastal and marine areas; hydrographic charts, which specify ocean depths and the directions and intensities of oceanic currents; and aeronautical charts, which detail surface features and air routes. Maps may be classified according to their scale, content, or derivation. Map scale refers to the size of the representation on the map as compared to the size of the object on the ground – and thus the level of detail shown. For maps it is usually convenient to express the scale by a representative fraction or ratio: for example, the ratio 1:63,360 means one inch on the map represents 63,360 inches (one mile) on the ground. In general, a large-scale map is one on which one inch represents a mile or less; on a small-scale map the ratio may be 1:1,000,000 (one inch to about 15 miles); and medium scale denotes intermediate range.
A map’s content is chosen to suit its primary purpose: thus the terms aeronautical chart, topographic map, road map, and weather map are self-descriptive. Maps may be derived or compiled from other maps, usually of larger scale; alternatively, they may be assembled from original surveys and photogrammetric compilations. Common road maps, for example, are compiled from road surveying, topographic maps, and aerial photographs.
Measurements for the map may be derived from a number of sources. Geodetic maps designed to depict large areas may rely in part on triangulation from satellites in orbit. Many mapping projects depend on numerous stereoscopic pairs of aerial photographs for accurate representation of the vertical relief of the terrain as well as much of the planimetric detail. Specialized detail maps may also rely on observations made by surveyors on the ground. Geological maps may incorporate information provided by infrared imagery or thematic mapping instruments aboard Earth-observation satellites.
Once information is obtained, it must be accurately transferred to paper. For large-scale maps of small areas, that process is usually straightforward, but an accurate map of an area even a few tens of miles across must take into account the curvature of the Earth’s surface.

Ex. 2. Find English equivalents of the following:
графическое изображение; плоская поверхность; крупномасштабная карта; мелкомасштабная карта; точное изображение; переносить на бумагу; искусство создания карт; по сравнению с …; главная цель.

Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps:
1. … is the art of making maps.
2. If 1 inch on the map represents a mile or less, it is a … map.
3. An accurate map must take into account the … of the Earth.
4. Maps represented on the surface of a sphere are called … .
5. … maps show features of the Earth’s surface.

Ex. 4. Answer the questions:
1. What is a map?
2. What is a globe?
3. What are the major types of maps?
4. How are maps classed according to their scale?
5. What does the map’s content imply?
6. What are the sources of measurements for maps?